How Ethereum Classic Light Clients Can SECURELY Operate

December 4, 2017

Christian Seberino

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Ethereum Classic (ETC) light clients are clients that do not maintain a copy of the entire ETC blockchain. I will explain how they can nevertheless securely operate.

Honest Nodes

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Light clients obtain blockchain information by communicating with network nodes. It is possible that malicious network nodes may censor blocks on the longest chain. Light clients can still operate securely as long as they connect to at least one honest and up to date node. It is not sufficient to connect to an honest node. The honest node must itself be connected to another honest node, and so on. Otherwise, honest nodes may not have all the blocks on the longest chain.

Here is a list of honest ETC network node TCP sockets that light clients can connect to. (This list can also be found here.):

174.112.32.157:30303

52.206.67.235:30303

162.243.55.45:30303

104.155.176.151:30303

104.154.136.117:30303

104.198.71.200:30303

144.76.238.49:30303

144.76.238.49:30306

Block Headers

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Hashes are fixed length strings that can guarantee the integrity of all information. Merkle trees are trees of hashes that can minimize the necessary communication between network nodes and light clients. The tops of Merkle trees are referred to as root hashes. Block headers contain the root hashes for light clients to securely and efficiently obtain state and transaction information from network nodes. Because block headers are much smaller than entire blocks, light clients with limited storage can still operate securely by storing just the block headers of the blockchain.

Hash Checks

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To be sure a light client is connected to the ETC network, confirm the first block (genesis block) of the blockchain is associated with the following hash:

0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3

Also, confirm block 1,920,000 is associated with the following hash:

0x94365e3a8c0b35089c1d1195081fe7489b528a84b22199c916180db8b28ade7f

This block is where the ETC blockchain diverges from the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain.

Node Incentives

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Some think the need for light clients to request state and transaction information from network nodes might be a vulnerability. The concern is that network nodes may not always have sufficient incentives to assist light clients. Some have suggested compensating network nodes for assisting light clients. At the very least, supporters of ETC are motivated to support light clients to grow the number of users. Also, smart contract application providers are motivated to support light clients to increase the number of potential customers.

Conclusion

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It is amazing that a protocol exists for even tiny embedded devices to securely utilize the ETC system. By connecting to honest nodes, only storing block headers, and, utilizing the properties of hashes, even toasters can benefit from the ETC world computer.